Bills
End qualified immunity in New York
Case Studies
Bills and Legislation
New York City - LL 48
Introduced in 2021
Passed
New York City passed local law no. 48 in 2021, specifically pertaining to qualified immunity protections for law enforcement officers. The law limits cause of action to physical force, threats, or violence or the threat of physical force, threats, or violence. Similarly, the bill doesn't mandate disciplinary actions for NYPD officers who commit misconduct.
end
(2/4legislation passed)
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all law enforcement officers
Yes, section 8-804 of the bill states, "** It is not a defense to liability pursuant to this chapter that a covered individual has qualified immunity or any other substantially equivalent immunity**." Per the bill, "The term “covered individual” means (i)** an employee of the police department or (ii) a person who is appointed by the police commissioner as a special patrolman..."**
- ✗
Ends Qualified Immunity for all public employees
No, the bill does not meet the standard. Section 8-801 of the bill states, "The term “covered individual” means (i) a**n employee of the police department or (ii) a person who is appointed by the police commissioner as a special patrolman...**"
- ✗
Ends Qualified Immunity for all state constitutional violations
No, the bill does not meet the standard, it only ends qualified immunity for instances of unreasonable search and seizure and excessive force.
- ✓
Ends monetary caps on all public liability amounts
No, the bill does not meet the standard. Section 8-805 of the bill states, "In any civil action involving a claim made pursuant to section 8-803 against a covered individual or an employer thereof, a court shall, in addition to awarding any other relief, including injunctive or other equitable relief, as such court determines to be appropriate: **Award to a prevailing plaintiff on such claim (i) compensatory damages and, in such court’s discretion, punitive damages or (ii) at the election of such plaintiff, damages of $1,000** (and) award to such plaintiff reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs"
start
(2.5/5legislation passed)
- ✓
Implements a failure-to-intervene clause
The bill partially meets the standard. Section 8-803 of the bill states, "A covered individual who, under color of any law, ordinance, rule, regulation, custom or usage, subjects or causes to be subjected, **including through failure to intervene,** any other natural person to the deprivation of any right that is created, granted or protected by section 8-802** is liable to the person aggrieved for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief**. b. The employer of a covered individual who, under color of any law, ordinance, rule, regulation, custom or usage, subjects or causes to be subjected, including through failure to intervene, any other natural person to the deprivation of any right that is created, granted or protected by section 8-802 is liable, based upon the conduct of such covered individual, to the person aggrieved for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✗
Guarantees that victims are compensated the full amount awarded
Yes, section 8-805 of the bill states, "**In any civil action involving a claim made pursuant to section 8-803 against a covered individual or an employer thereof**, a court shall, in addition to awarding any other relief, including injunctive or other equitable relief, as such court determines to be appropriate: Award to a prevailing plaintiff on such claim (i) compensatory damages and, in such court’s discretion, punitive damages or (ii) at the election of such plaintiff, damages of $1,000"
- ✓
Starts attorney fees
Yes, section 8-805 of the bill states, "In any civil action involving a claim made pursuant to section 8-803 against a covered individual or an employer thereof, a court shall, in addition to awarding any other relief, including injunctive or other equitable relief, as such court determines to be appropriate: Award to a prevailing plaintiff on such claim (i) compensatory damages and, in such court’s discretion, punitive damages or (ii) at the election of such plaintiff, damages of $1,000 (and) **award to such plaintiff reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs"**
- ✗
Starts holding individual employees accountable
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Starts disclosing public records
Yes, section 7-114 of the bill states, "No later than January 31, 2018 and no later than each July 31 and January 31 thereafter, the law department shall post on its website...**a list of civil actions filed against the police department or [individual police officers] a covered individual, or both, during the five-year period preceding each January 1 or July 1 immediately preceding each report; 2. for each such action: (i) the identities of the plaintiffs and defendants; (ii) the court in which the action was filed; [(ii)] (iii) the name of the law firm representing the plaintiff; [(iii)] (iv) the name of the law firm or agency representing each defendant; [(iv)] (v) the date the action was filed; and [(v)] (vi) whether the plaintiff alleged improper police conduct, including, but not limited to, claims involving use of force, assault and battery, malicious prosecution, [or] false arrest or imprisonment, or deprivation of a right pursuant to chapter 8 of title 8; and 3. if an action has been resolved: (i) the date on which it was resolved; (ii) the manner in which it was resolved; and (iii) whether the resolution included a payment to the plaintiff by the city, or by a covered individual or an employer or other person paying on behalf of a covered individual, and, if so, the amount of such payment."**
A 10978
Introduced in 2020
Failed
This bill was introduced in the NY assembly in 2020, and was greatly advocated for by the grassroots campaign, End QI NY. The bill was co-sponsored by 8 assembly members and 4 senators, but was unable to make it out of committee.
end
(4/4legislation passed)
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all law enforcement officers
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws, is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief.**"
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all public employees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**A person or public entity acting under color of law **that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws, **is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief**."
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all state constitutional violations
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities **secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws,** is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends monetary caps on all public liability amounts
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, **"Statutory immunities and statutory limitations on liability, damages or attorney fees do not apply to claims brought pursuant to this section**."
start
(3/5legislation passed)
- ✗
Implements a failure-to-intervene clause
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Guarantees that victims are compensated the full amount awarded
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other provision of law**, a public entity shall indemnify its public employee for any liability incurred by the employee and for any judgment entered against the employee for claims arising under this section;** except that a public entity shall not indemnify a public employee if the employee was convicted of a criminal violation for the conduct from which the claim arises."
- ✓
Starts attorney fees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, in any action brought pursuant to this section or the New York human rights law, a** court shall award reasonable attorney fees and costs to a prevailing plaintiff.**"
- ✗
Starts holding individual employees accountable
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Starts disclosing public records
Yes, law enforcement misconduct records became public in New York in August 2020.
S1991
Introduced in 2021
Failed
Originally introduced in 2020 as A10978 and advocated for by the grassroots campaign, End QI NY, this bill gained substantially increased support in 2021. It had 22 co-sponsors in the state senate and 45 sponsors in the assembly. Like the 2020 bill, this did not make it beyond committee.
end
(4/4legislation passed)
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all law enforcement officers
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws, is liable to the injured party **for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all public employees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws, is liable to the injured party **for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all state constitutional violations
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges,** or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws**, is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends monetary caps on all public liability amounts
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**Statutory immunities and statutory limitations on liability, damages or attorney fees do not apply to claims brought pursuant to this section**."
start
(3/5legislation passed)
- ✗
Implements a failure-to-intervene clause
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Guarantees that victims are compensated the full amount awarded
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, **a public entity shall indemnify its public employee for any liability incurred by the employee and for any judgment entered against the employee for claims arising under this section;** except that a public entity shall not indemnify a public employee if the employee was convicted of a criminal violation for the conduct from which the claim arises."
- ✓
Starts attorney fees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "When a judgment is entered in favor of a defendant, th**e court may award reasonable costs and attorney fees to the defendant **only for defending any claims the court finds frivolous."
- ✗
Starts holding individual employees accountable
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Starts disclosing public records
Yes, law enforcement misconduct records became public in New York in August 2020.
S 3139
Introduced in 2021
Failed
This bill was introduced in the New York Senate in 2021, and is a narrower version of the same bill introduced in 2020 (A10978) and 2021 (S1991). Unlike the other bill, this version only applies to law enforcement officers, and does include a requirement to intervene, but it does not fulfill several other standards.
end
(3/4legislation passed)
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all law enforcement officers
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary**, a peace officer, as defined in section 2.10 of the criminal procedure law, employed by a local government, who under color of law, subjects or causes to be subjected, including failing to intervene, any other person to the deprivation of any individual rights that create binding obligations on government actors secured by the bill of rights, article one of the state constitution, is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief.**"
- ✗
Ends Qualified Immunity for all public employees
No, the bill does not meet the standard. Section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary**, a peace officer, as defined in section 2.10 of the criminal procedure law, employed by a local government, who under color of law, subjects or causes to be subjected, including failing to intervene, any other person to the deprivation of any individual rights that create binding obligations on government actors secured by the bill of rights, article one of the state constitution, is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief.**"
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all state constitutional violations
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, **a peace officer, as defined in section 2.10 of the criminal procedure law, employed by a local government, who under color of law, subjects or causes to be subjected, including failing to intervene, any other person to the deprivation of any individual rights that create binding obligations on government actors secured by the bill of rights, article one of the state constitution**, is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends monetary caps on all public liability amounts
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "... **statutory limitations on liability, damages or attorney fees shall not apply to claims brought pursuant to this section; .**.."
start
(2.5/5legislation passed)
- ✓
Implements a failure-to-intervene clause
The bill partially meets the standard. There is no reporting requirement, but there is a consequence for an officer who fails to intervene. Section 1 of the bill states, " a peace officer... who subjects or causes to be subjected,** including failing to intervene,** any other person to the deprivation of any individual rights that create binding obligations on government actors secured by the bill of rights, article one of the state constitution, is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief..."
- ✗
Guarantees that victims are compensated the full amount awarded
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Starts attorney fees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, in any action brought pursuant to this section,** a court shall award reasonable attorney fees and costs to a prevailing plaintiff.** In actions for injunctive relief, a court shall deem a plaintiff to have prevailed if the plaintiff's suit was a substantial factor or significant catalyst in obtaining the results sought by the litigation. **When a judgment is entered in favor of a defendant, the court may award reasonable costs and attorney fees to the defendant for defending any claims the court finds frivolous**."
- ✗
Starts holding individual employees accountable
No, the bill does not meet the standard,
- ✓
Starts disclosing public records
Yes, law enforcement misconduct records became public in New York in August 2020.
S 182A
Introduced in 2023
Failed
Advocated for by the grassroots campaign, End QI NY, this bill was first introduced in 2020 and again in 2021. In 2023, it gained further support with 48 assembly sponsors and 23 senate sponsors. Although the bill continued to gain support in both chambers of the state legislature with each introduction, and both bills made it beyond the first committee, they never made it to a floor vote.
end
(4/4legislation passed)
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all law enforcement officers
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws, is liable **to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all public employees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws, is liable** to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends Qualified Immunity for all state constitutional violations
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "A person or public entity acting under color of law that subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, **or immunities secured by the federal or state Constitution or laws,** is liable to the injured party for legal or equitable relief or any other appropriate relief."
- ✓
Ends monetary caps on all public liability amounts
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, **"Statutory immunities and statutory limitations on liability, damages or attorney fees do not apply** to claims brought pursuant to this section."
start
(3/5legislation passed)
- ✗
Implements a failure-to-intervene clause
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Guarantees that victims are compensated the full amount awarded
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "**Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a public entity shall indemnify its public employee for any liability incurred by the employee **and for any judgment entered against the employee for claims arising under this section; except that a public entity shall not indemnify a public employee if the employee was convicted of a criminal violation for the conduct from which the claim arises."
- ✓
Starts attorney fees
Yes, section 1 of the bill states, "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, in any action brought pursuant to this section or the New York human rights law, **a court shall award reasonable attorney fees and costs to a prevailing plaintiff**."
- ✗
Starts holding individual employees accountable
No, the bill does not meet the standard.
- ✓
Starts disclosing public records
Yes, law enforcement misconduct records became public in New York in August 2020.
Case studies in New York
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